Oppression and Depression: The Effects of White Masculinity Essay

Oppression and Depression: The Effects of White Masculinity In Peter N. Stearns’ book Be a Man! he cites Nichols, Pleck and Sawyer as he makes the assertion that â€Å"Macho man, artificially and oppressively virile, asserts himself over hapless women and in fields of aggression ranging from big business to war, from raising of sons to the domestic cloistering of wives† (Nichols, Pleck and Sawyer). White men in America throughout history have guided themselves according to a particular set of social norms which defines their masculinity. Society embraces these defining characteristics and therefore sets standards for the men to live by and be judged by. John Steinbeck comments on the irony of these standards as he said â€Å"Men, kindness and generosity, openness, honesty, understanding and feeling, are the concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits we detest, sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism and self-interest, are the traits of success. And while men admire the quality of the first they love the produce of the second.† In this statement Steinbeck recognizes the double standard of society’s expectations, being that men should be honest and true to their morals, while at the same time rewarding them for the undesirable qualities. Although on the surface society emphasizes these positive traits, it defines men by the exact opposite, the cunning and unemotional ones. White masculinity is a set of expectations that have been instilled in every child as they mature, and therefore they come to expect this model to be achieved by every man. When these expectations become unreal, not only do the victims of white masculinity themselves suffer, but so do their spouses and wives as they are unable to restore... ...sister. Those statements are made for him by his surroundings and the other non-white male characters in the novel. White masculinity is the ideal that has young boys dreaming of becoming firefighters, teenagers idolizing Bruce Willis, and middle aged men dyeing their hair and getting gym memberships. Whether it is through the appreciation of the ideals of white masculinity, or the desire for the fulfillment of these ideals, society as a whole has embraced it and continues to encourage its existence. In recent years, indications have appeared of a regression in the application of white masculinity through the popularity of movie stars such as Leonardo DiCaprio playing sensitive roles (Malin 239). However, extreme cases of white masculinity have also appeared, in such acts as hate crimes, against races as well as gays, and exposure of sexual harassment cases.

Effects of Music on the Unborn Child

Music can be used to influence people’s mood and has been used to attempt to affect the brain of a child in its mother’s womb. Some people think that having an unborn child listen to different types of music will have different effects on how the child will grow. Some people believe that music has no influence while others believe that if they introduce their unborn child to classical music the baby will grow up to be smarter than the kid who either listened to other types of music or no music while in the womb. Studies have been done on how music can affect an unborn, and many different results have come from these studies. Not only can the unborn child actually hear the music, but the child will remember the song even after they are born. ?Music affects attitudes as well as thoughts. According to the book titled What to Listen for in Music by Aaron Copland, there are four elements of music: rhythm, melody, harmony, and tone color. Each of these elements are not heard by themselves but are heard together as one sound. Each part of music has a special and unique way wherewith we interpret and react to it. Rhythm comes first in the musical elements because many historians say that music started with a beating of a rhythm. Whether it was the cavemen with branches or another group rhythm was the first element of music found (Copland, 33). The second element, melody, is second because rhythm is more of a physical motion and so melody is experienced as a mental emotion. The melody is the most crucial part of the music. It is the only subjective portion of music that the audience rejects or accepts by itself (Copland, 49). Harmony, the third element, is the most sophisticated. The harmony was the most recently discovered and has been greatly appreciated (Copland, 61). The last element, tone color, is the quality of sound produced by a particular musical instrument (Copland, 78). Aaron Copland later goes on to explain the difference of how we listen to music now compared to how we listened when we were in the womb. We have little to no say in what we listen to when we were in the womb; we can only enjoy it or kick relentlessly hoping that it will change. ?Some studies have been done by David Tame in his book The Secret Power of Music. In it he says â€Å"music has been found to affect the body in two distinct ways, directly on the cells and organs and indirectly by affecting the emotions, which, in turn, influence numerous bodily processes. Sounds projected into liquid media have coagulated proteins. So teenagers have brought soft eggs to rock concerts, hich became hard-boiled — wonder what happens in our own bodies† (Tame, 173) After reading this, it does make one wonder why we listen to something that can have such a negative effect and be so bad. Most people chose music their parents raised them on or something completely different. Tame later says in his book that people who listen to rock music have led lives that were much more destructive to themselves and to others than people who had listened to classical music. David Tame also did studies on plants and animals and how they respond to the different music. In a study performed classical music had appeared to bring more produce and better looking flowers than rock music (Tame, 196). ?According to BBC, Dr. Lamont did a study where the same song was played for the last three months of the pregnancy and then was played again after the child was born, even after they were a year old they recognized the song (BBC, Womb Music: How Will Music Affect oner Unborn Child? ). Another study done by Dr. Lamont concluded that â€Å"that there was no evidence that playing classical music to babies helps to make their brains develop. Dr. Lamont has done many studies for this topic and could be considered an expert. She has discovered much information for example: babies can hear just twenty weeks after conception and can remember a song for at least twelve months, and that babies cannot only remember the songs but they prefer these songs (BBC, Babies Remember womb music). ?Another study was done at the Education Oasis on how music affects babies in the womb, and they said that music does not make a baby smarter but it does prepare it for particular ways of thinking. The effect the music has does not last long but can be used to do tasks more quickly (Bales). They figured out, through many experiments, that although music did not make the babies smarter it did make their brains ready to learn and grow. The babies who listened to classical music were more ready to learn than the babies, who had listened to country, rock, folk, dance, or nothing at all (Bales). ?Although there is still controversy on whether or not music can make the brain smarter or not, more research has been done to observe the effects of music on newborns. Researchers from Brigham Oneng University studied the effects of music on thirty-three premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit at Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo. Cassette players piped voices of men and women singing lullabies into each baby’s ears for forty minutes a day for four days. When doctors examined the babies on the fourth day, they found that babies who had been exposed to music gained more weight, and had lower blood pressure and a stronger heartbeat than the other (Robledo). Their research shows that music can help strengthen premature babies; however, these researchers still have yet to figure out if music can improve a child’s intellect. It is hard to study the intelligence level of babies when they cannot talk or write. When studying three and four year olds these researchers have found out that if the child plays an instrument that the child is better at math and special thinking (Robledo). â€Å"Oner goal should be to cultivate a love for music in oner child, not to create the next Mozart. It should be about having fun and exposing oner child to new sounds and rhythms† (Robledo). My mother listened to two genres of music when I was in her womb: eighties rock and R&B. I would kick and dance for her when she played the rock music and she used R&B to put me to sleep. It worked as a oneng child too; my mother has videos of me kicking and screaming for joy when she played AC/DC, Bon Jovi, the Beastie Boys, Duran Duran, Journey, Whitesnake, and U2. Whenever either of my parents wanted to put me to sleep, they would play Prince, Stevie Wonder, Al B. Sure, Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, Soul II Soul, or Earth, Wind, and Fire. These genres have had an impact on my upbringing. Like most children I stuck to what I knew when it came for me to buy my first compact disk. The quote â€Å"The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree† applies very much so to me as it does to most children when they pick what they like and what they do not; I chose a nineties rock and alternative. I liked bands that were like the bands that I listened to in my mother’s womb, but I also liked having my own music to like. The music I chose sounds similar to the music my mother would have me listen to, but it was something my dad would not sing every word to, so I liked it. My dad is not the best singer, so if I can only get a hum then my music is more enjoyable. ?A year or two later, my mother was pregnant again. This time she was told by the doctors that her baby was to be born with many brain defects. She looked for many ways to keep her unborn baby from being born with the brain deficiencies. She had watched on the local news that babies were being born with an unbelievable intelligence from their mothers playing classical music while the unborn baby was still in the womb. There was another mother whom had said that the doctors had told her that her baby was supposed to be born with brain efects but her baby was born with no defects at all and she thanked her lucky stars on classical music. My mother thought it was worth a try since music was not thought of to hurt a baby’s brain. While she had classical music on headphone around her womb, she had rock music on a second pair for her and me to enjoy. My brother was born with some brain deficiencies; he is a slow school learner but is extremely fast at learning musical instruments. If one gives him an instrument in five minutes he will learn how to compose sound, in fifteen he knows notes, and in thirty he can play a song from memory. In everything else my brother is slow at learning and is slightly dyslexic. My mother thought the classical music had helped, so when she was pregnant again she had the new unborn baby listen to classical music as well. This one was born with terrible eye sight, deaf in one ear, dyslexic, and on the verge of being mentally handicapped. Classical music through a personal study has shown to have no intellectual effect on the unborn child. Every now and again a â€Å"musical genius† is born. These children are extremely gifted in music and can play, compose and understand music with an unimaginable capacity. Although, some may imagine that we cannot measure musical greatness or potential in children before they discover it themselves. There is a way. In the book titled Musical Ability in Children by Arnold Bentley, he describes ways that we can test the musical ability and potential in children. After all, he says â€Å"musical ability is primarily a mental ability. † He goes on to tell how to test children, but he says that this can be a difficult task especially if the children are not old enough to handle the challenge of the tests (Bentley). According to these studies, there are too many variables to consider when having a child and exposing them to the different array of music that we have today. For example, the child may be born already a genius and the classical music could impair his way of thinking, there are also some disabilities a child can be born with that music just will not be the fix, the baby may reject the music altogether because the baby still remembers what has happened before in the premortal life and knows that he should be listening to a different type or knows a better type for him to listen to. Music is a stimulant. We listen to it in hard times either to make us feel better or to truly understand what the artists are saying because now we understand what they mean. We try to understand everything that we listen to, but it is sometime hard to pick up the message the artists wanted to get out in the way they present it. Music is a powerful thing that should not be taken lightly it can create emotions and pictures in our mind. Music is not something that goes away either. Once one hears a song it can be stuck in one’s mind for a very long time. Even after many years of not hearing the song it can still come back to the front of one’s mind, much faster than a memory. Music is power, and to play it to unborn children increases the parent’s power over the child by what the parents choose which music to produce for the child.

Understanding PTSD and Methods of Treatment Essay

A study in 2008 showed that about 300,000 Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans suffer from PTSD or major depression, and about 320,000 may have experienced at least a mild concussion or brain injury in combat (Zoroya). American society is witnessing a hasty rise in the need for treatment of PTSD for returning soldiers from Afghanistan and Iraq. The medical definition of PTSD is that the person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both the following were present: The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others, The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror†¦show more content†¦Soldiers wounded during combat in Iraq and Afghanistan often develop post-traumatic stress disorder and depression months after getting out of a hospital, instead of soon after suffering their injuries, a new study found. T he earlier the syndrome is identified and treated, the better (Bernstein). Premature treatment is better because symptoms of PTSD may get worse. Dealing with them earlier aids in stopping the symptoms from worsening in the future. If the disorder progresses, an individual may fail to benefit from formal treatment or drop out of treatment early. Many soldiers tend to find it much simpler to self medicate with drugs or alcohol rather than using appropriate treatment. Unfortunately, use of alcohol and drugs can actually intensify symptoms of PTSD or depression over time. Increased substance use is also a potential risk factor for suicide. (Finnegan) There are many treatments for this developing disease. The first step to being treated is admittance. When a soldier can move forward without being in denial, it is so much easier to receive treatment effectively. Denial is refusal to acknowledge the truth about something. Denial is a defense mechanism used to protect against anxiety or em otional pain. Often, soldiers may try to convince themselves that everything is all right and they do not need help. (Lanham) Fortunately, there are many ways, traditional andShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. 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Sample items include â€Å"Repeated, disturbing memories, thoughts, or images of aRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1514 Words   |  7 PagesDescription Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as â€Å"a condition that generates waves of anxiety, anger, aggression, depression and suspicion; threatens a person’s sense of self; and interferes with daily life functioning† (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010, p. 99). As human beings, we are built with different type of emotions and feelings that can endanger us or benefit us. When faced with a traumatic life event, an individual will either overcome the event and become strongerRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects thousands, from abused children to men and women in the military. PTSD can be caused by physical and or emotional trauma, it is not exclusive to one race, gender or age group. PTSD can effect anyone who is exposed to severe trauma and is diagnosed at alarming rates. What neurological damage is caused, where in the brain is this damage caused and how is it studied ? With modern science we are able to view how Post –Traumatic stress disorder effects theRead MoreTreatment For Veterans With Ptsd1439 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment for Veterans with PTSD Although American service members have felt the lasting effects of combat throughout the history of the nation, it was not until 1980 that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder was formally added to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Once referred to as â€Å"irritable heart† or â€Å"shell-shock,† PTSD made its way into the national spotlight in the years following the wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan due to U.S. military

Genetic Modification Recombinant Dna ( Rdna ) Technology...

Genetic modification, otherwise referred to as recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology or gene splicing, has proven to be more precise, predictable and a better-understood method for the manipulation of genetic material than previously attained through conventional plant breeding. Agricultural applications of the technology have involved the insertion of genes of desirable agronomic traits into a variety of crop plants, and from a variety of biological sources. Examples include soybeans modified with gene sequence from a streptomyces species encoding enzymes that confer herbicide tolerance, and corn plants modified to express the insecticidal protein of an indigenous soil microorganism, Bacillus thuringiensis. A growing body of evidence suggest that technology and may be used to make enhancements to not only the agronomic properties but the food, nutritional, industrial and medicinal attributes of genetically modified crops. Foods derived from a new plant variety is a; safe or nutritious as foods already consumed as a part of a diet. For new plant varieties, including those developed using rDNA technology, a science-based approach is used to focus the evaluation on the demonstrated characteristics of the food or food component. Genetically modified food component typically involves reviewing information or data on any newly introduced substances, the known levels of toxicants, as well as the nutritional composition of the plant following modification. Many Americans areShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Food ( Gm Food ) Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesartificial genetic manipulation called Genetic engineering. It is primarily based on recombinant DNA technology. It is this technology which is utilized in the production of genetically manipulated organisms (GMO s) that could be involved directly or indirectly in the production of GM food. GMO’s also referred to as GMF’s are Genetically Mod ified Organisms. Commercial sale of GMO’s began in 1994. GMO’s which are made by the technique of gene splicing. Gene splicing is where the genes from the DNA of oneRead MoreGmo Vs. Non Gmo Research Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesbut they still receive GMO’s imports but they refuse to cultivate them whereas Russia has banned the imports of GMO’s and the cultivation of them. Genetic Engineering Advancement of Biotechnology resulted in the method of artificial genetic manipulation called Genetic engineering. It is primarily based on recombinant DNA technology. It is this technology which is used in the production of genetically manipulated organisms (GMO s) that could be involved directly or indirectly in the production of GMRead MoreThe Effects Of Gmo Foods On Our Health1979 Words   |  8 Pagesalso known as genetic engineering, biotechnology, or recombinant DNA technology (rDNA). Where the gene extraction resulting from the DNA of one species and inseminated artificially into unrelated plant or animal genes. These foreign genes come from the following sources: bacteria, viruses, insects, animals, even humans. GMOS are also known as â€Å"transgenic† organisms as it involves genes transferring. It’s also called genetic engineering (GE) or genetic modification (GM). Current genetic engineeringRead MoreLas 432 - Genetically Modified Foods Essay14589 Words    |  59 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms | in Food | | Team Members: | | Team Leader: Brenda Brown | Outline Abstract by Brenda Brown and Tony Balch 3 Thesis Statement and Summary by Kelly Baker and Brenda Brown 4 GMO Technology by Vanessa Brogsdale 5 I. What are GMO’S? II. Scientific Techniques and Experiments History of GMO by Vanessa Brogsdale 12 I. Biotechnology Timeline II. Advantages and Disadvantages Political and Legal Issues by Brenda Brown

The Compensation of Professionals in Accounting - 552 Words

You are all set to get yourself a suitable accounting job, but arent still convinced to get into this field. Do you find it boring? No worries, just look around and the reasons to help you know the benefits of taking up a job in accounting will pop up. Accounting is a field that requires resources with calculative minds and excellent communication skills. If you have these qualities in you, it would surely be a considerable choice to pursue it as a career. But before you look forward to the future job prospects related to accounting and the jobs you can apply for in this field, you need to look for the real reasons that can help take it as a serious choice. You first need to find out why should you take it as a career, and then go ahead to know about the different career paths accounting can bring to you. So, below are the varied reasons to help you with why should you get into accounting. A Stable Career Accounting is not one of those jobs that may lose its importance over the period of time. This is one of the careers that are always in demand, even in the times of economic crisis. An accountant is required in every firm, educational body or government organization to manage the finances. Many find it to be a not so glamorous career choice, which is actually a fact, but if you are looking for a stable career, you should keep it to be a prior choice. Multifariousness Another thing that makes accounting a favorable career choice is its demand in every sectorShow MoreRelatedManaging A Staff Of 16 Hr Professionals711 Words   |  3 PagesBy July 2015, I accept a promotion job offer as Director, Staffing Policy Compensation (SPC), Supervisory Human Resources Specialist with U.S. Customs Border Protection, Human Resources Management. 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Delegating different board functions to distinct committees representsRead MoreEssay on Case Analysis 10-3 Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc.1727 Words   |  7 PagesI.Issues Why does net income not equal cash flows? Why do we need accrual accounting? (Why do not we fire all accountants and just publish summary bank statements) Why do the differences between owners’, players’, GAAP and truth number exist?(Can accounting numbers be neutral representations of what happened? What happens if a retired non-roster player (e.g. Joe Portocararo) returns to the active roster while continuing to earn the same money promised him in his guaranteed contract? Of whatRead MoreIn depth analysis of Financial Statements BP1143 Words   |  5 Pages-must have a vision and provide leadership 2. Financial statements Financial reporting: presenting financial data of a company with respect to its operating performance, position and fund flows for an accounting period. 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Parts of Library Essay Example For Students

Parts of Library Essay The library is composed of several sections: Acquisition Section, Cataloging Section, Circulation Section, Multimedia or I. T. Section, Reference Section, and Periodicals Section. If youve been too library, youll realize that it was divided into several sections. These sections can help readers find what theyre looking for in the library. They also keep everything organized and secured. The Acquisition Section keeps a complete and up-to-date record Of all books in the library. This section is also responsible for purchasing new books. Once he books are accessioned and labeled properly, they will be passed to the Cataloging Section where theyre properly classified and cataloged based on the system used by the library. After which, the books are taken to the Circulation Section. This section is said to serve as the backbone of the whole library since this is where library users go when they need to read and keep themselves updated. The Circulation Section is responsible for several tasks such as registering new members and renewing old ones, issuing borrowers cards and reading materials, electing fines for books returned late, and many more, This section is in charge of helping users find the references theyre looking for as well as conducting regular inventory of books. On the other hand, the Multimedia or LAT. Section houses the visual aids, microfilms, and computers of the library. Photocopying machines, scanners, DVD/CD player and a television are also found in this section. This is also oeuvre users can access online resources for free. The Reference Section of a library serves as the home of encyclopedias, contraries, handbooks, yearbooks, atlases, almanacs, and much more. This is the place where you can find and read literally just about anything under the sun. Most of these references are bulky and very heavy which is why theyre not allowed to be borrowed by users outside the library. Finally, the Periodical Section is the go-to section of the library if youre interested in reading the latest news and events happening around the world. This is where you can find local and international newspapers and magazines.

Health Promotion And Health Advancement †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: How Can Patient Education And NRT Be Together Given Out To Patients For Achieving Better Results? What Are The Driving Factors For Low Adherence Rate Of NRT For Pregnant Women And How Can These Be Addressed? How Can Safety Issues Regarding Long Term Use Of NRT Be Reduced? What Are The Different Approaches That Policy Reformers Must Take To Better Integrate NRT Across Healthcare Sectors? Answers: Introducation A reliable and effective search is fruitful for the researched if the selection of the papers to be included in the systematic review is done meticulously. Rejection of research papers and successive inclusion of them needs to be thoroughly guided by a proper and justified research criteria established before commencing on the research. Exhaustive assessment process restates the appropriate requirement of vigorous inclusion criteria (Flick 2015). In the present case, articles that have been published in the last five years, that is on or after the year 2012 were considered. The primary criteria for selecting the papers was that full-text articles were to be included in the study. Databases were searched, and 29 articles were included for the first round of screening. After assessing the title of the papers, the abstract was read in order to understand their alignment with the research objective. 15 articles made into the second round of screening. The full-text articles were thereby read, and their credibility was therefore judged. Six articles were finally selected for the resent review. These articles were available in English language and were successful addressing the research question. Evidence on topic According to Coleman et al., (2012) there lies a common viewpoint that nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) can be effective in helping women to quit smoking at the time of pregnancy. The researchers carried out a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial for assessing the safety as well as efficacy of a standard dose of nicotine-replacement patches in abstinence from the habit of smoking. From the research, it was indicated that the addition of a nicotine patch, about 15 mg per 16 hours, to behavioural cessation for supporting women who smoke at the time of pregnancy does not significantly bring an increase in the rate of abstinence from smoking. The supplementation when assessed was found to be not better than placebo in the promotion of sustained abstinence throughout pregnancy. In addition, there was no prominent evidence that such therapy had a harmful or a beneficial impact on the birth outcomes. It is to be however noted that the inability to attain a noteworthy longer-term impact of the applied nicotine-replacement therapy is to be rightfully justified by the low adherence rates of the study participants. Tonnesen (2013) discussed the usefulness of NRT as a smoking cessation practice. As per the authors, the foundation of smoking cessation can be attributed to counselling along with NRT, or bupropion SR and vareniciline. Combination of two NRTs and varenciline is effective on an equal basis. Lower levels of nicotine use can be attained with NRT in compared with smoking. Abdullah et al., (2013) highlighted that two week free NRT is not more effectual when compared to 1-week free NRT for helping smokers quitting smoking at 12 months and at times six months. From a single-blinded randomized controlled study undertaken by the researchers, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference in the smoking quit rates between participants at six months and one year. The inference drawn from the study was that free NRT is to be based on the availability of resources as per the needs of the patient and the capability of the organisation to deliver so. Heydari et al., (2014) attempted to identify the most useful and effective smoking cessation method from a literature review. 932 articles were considered for the critical analysis, of which 352 articles highlighted NRT as the most supported method for smoking cessation. The three methods considered for a comparative analysis were NRT, Champix and patient education. Further research was demanded to carry out a comparative examiantion on both quantitative and qualitative smoking cessation methods. The finding was informative in bringing an update to the healthcare services being provided at that time. Shahab et al., (2016) studied the long term utilisation of NRT in services in the united kingdom. The examination was done for highlighting the changes in biomarkers due to use of long-term NRT. Follow up of data was done with clients of UK Stop-Smoking Services (SSS) by abstinent four weeks post quit date. It was indicated that long term use of NRT was not prevalent highly among the SSS client and relapsed smokers. The use of NRT does not give rise to increased nicotine intake. It was suggested that ex-smokers who use NRT on the long run might consider replacing intake of nicotine from cigarettes with that from NRT. Fllowers (2016) put forward a significant article on the implications of use of NRT. NRT is much safer, and the most prominent factor is that it is less prone to medical interactions and is less addictive. NRT in the form of patches, nasal spray, gum, inhaler improve the ability of people trying to quit smoking. Research indicates that use nicotine patch with gum or lozenge has more far-reaching consequences for patient use. Such therapy is to be approached with a high degree of cautiousness while given to pregnant patients. NRT increases the chances of successful smoking quit attempt. Policies are to focus more on use of this technique in a wider context. However, some concerns have arisen regarding the safety of longterm use of NRT. The idea is that long term use might bring a reduction in the benefits brought about regarding cessation. Conclusion Smoking cessation has gained increased prominence recent times due to the wide ranging morbidity and mortality effects. The use of pharmacotherapy, including NRT has been discussed in details in literature. Multidimensional approaches have been considered while carrying out this pool of research. There is no clear indication about how NRT should be included in the interventional strategies for smoking cessation. The concern remains on a similar level about women and men pertaining to smoking cessation. Though research indicates the usefulness of NRT at various levels, the exact impact on pregnant women has not been established yet. The longer-term impact of NRT has been linked with the low adherence rates of the study participants. Consideration is to be given for reducing low adherence rate of patients for achieving the desired outcomes of the therapy. NRT in different forms such as patches, nasal spray, gum, inhaler have been prominently used for the purpose. Since NRT has been pro ved to be better that sole intervention with Champix and patient education, a combination therapy of the three might have more diverse usefulness. Research is required at the earliest to bring into focus the exact manner in which NRT can be integrated into the interventional approach for combating smoking cessation challenges. Study objectives arising from evidence Based on the undertaken research it can be stated that though NRT has been established to be effective as a smoking cessation technique, the exact manner in which it results in the desired outcomes is still vague. There is a huge scope for research in the area of NRT intervention for pregnant women. Association of NRT with patient education is also to be explored. 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